Word, Above Word And Grammatical Level Equivalence In The Translation Of Nokia 2300 Manual (PBING-12)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Communication can not be limited only in a certain area or community but people in all over the world need to communicate each others. It is because the needs of life are more complex and various. Not only the needs of food, clothing and housing but nowadays the needs of information, education, science and technology, fashion and many more become very important.

The issue above can not be separated from language as a mean of communication. Language is the tool by which we express what we think, the typical vehicle of communication that humans use of dealing with one another. On the other hand, the presence of various languages that people speak in different nations all over the world, has more or less caused obstacles in the process of communicating among speakers of different language. Not every human can speak in all languages. How we can understand information from others country with different languages? How we can share the experiences, sciences and technology and many things to the people in all over the world? Translation plays important role here. Catford in A Linguistics Theory of Translation said, “Translation is an activity of enormous importance in the modern world and it is a subject of interest not only to linguist, professional and amateur translators and languages teachers, but also to electronic engineers and mathematicians”. 

The statement shows us how very useful translation for enhancing the people
knowledge so that not only the professional translators who take interest in this subject.

We often are not aware that translation gives much contribution to the growth of the world. As stated by Smith,
The man in the street doesn’t always realize that in the world today, the vast bulk of translation is performed in the fields of commerce, industry and science, and that literacy translation, exciting as it is a relatively minor activity. (1989:19)

In line with Catford, Smith agreed that translation is needed in the fields of life for example commerce, industry and science.

Especially in the fields of industry, science and technology, it saying without doubt that translation bring much ease to their progress. As we know that nowadays there are so many products of technology have been launched and most of them are sophisticated tools. For instance, computer, mobile phone, plays station and others electric tools.

Of course the distributions of those products are not limited in a certain country. The companies compete to enhance their distribution to the international market. Of course in order to use those products optimally, the companies have to provide user’s guide book or manual. Beside it will facilitate the users, the manual useful for them in avoiding the mistakes which cause the damage and endanger the users. Automatically they have to provide the manual in languages where the companies distribute their products. Here, the translation will take the important role to give much understanding of how to use the product properly by conveying the message of the Source Language.

Translation is not as simple as most people think. It’s more than just ability in speak in the target language and understand it. A translator has to know and understand the language not just semantically and grammatically, but also the culture of where the language is used.

The problem of translation is very complicated, from the level of finding the most equivalent in word level until the problem of cultural. One in millions problems of translation is the words beras, gabah, menir (Indonesia) only can be translated rice in English. Another example is how to translate words that are not available in target language? For example a noun rawon (Indonesia/Javanese) must be defined as kind of beef stew made with ‘keluak’. In the previous translation analysis of manual, Rofiatun (2005:2) gave an example, “At Nokia, we call it human technology. (Nokia 3530:1) is translated Di Nokia kami menyebutnya teknologi yang mengerti Anda (Nokia 3530:1)”. There is a shifting in meaning in translating the phrase ‘human technology’ which should literally mean ‘teknologi manusia’, but it was translated ‘teknologi yang mengerti Anda’. Here, the translator strives for every effort to find the closest equivalent of the target language. The translator also has to know the suitable strategies how to translate the language naturally, therefore the message can be understood correctly.
From those issues above, the writer will analyze the translation of Nokia

2300 manual. The analysis will be focused on the strategies used by the translator based on the classification word, above word and grammatical level equivalence.

Judul : Word, Above Word And Grammatical Level Equivalence In The Translation Of Nokia 2300 Manual (PBING-12))

Untuk mendapatkan file lengkap dalam bentuk MS-Word, (bukan pdf) silahkan klik Cara Mendapatkan File
atau klik disini

Figures Of Speech Expressed In Norman Vincent Peale’s You Can If You Think You Can (PBING-15)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In the real life actually we use figures of speech to express our ideas, thoughts, feelings and minds. Figures of speech is also related to the literature and human life. Figures of speech, manner of speaking or writing, gives to our sentiments and thoughts a greater force, more vivacity and agreeableness.

The study analyzes a book entitled You Can if You Think You Can, the writer finds some figures of speech which are expressed in this book. Figures of speech are not only used in speaking but also in writing. Besides, the figures of speech are also commonly known as rhetorical devices.

Figures of speech are terms used to describe the devices employed to add colour, decoration and imaginative expression to linguistic use. It distinguishes figurative or imaginative language from its usage in a literal manner.
Meanwhile in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary tells about figures of speech, it says that figure of speech is a word or phrase is used for vivid or dramatic effect.

The writer also finds in www.home.comcast.net that a figure of speech is a change from the ordinary manner of expression, using words in other than their
literal sense to enhance the way a thought is expressed.

The figures of speech in the book You Can if You Think You Can makes the beautiful of writing because figures of speech are often used and crafted for emphasis, freshness of expression or clarity.

Figures of speech have many functions both oral and written communication, as explained in the Encyclopedia of Americana, that figures of speech serve variety of purposes. They are used to clarify meaning, to provide vivid example, to emphasize, to stimulate objects, to amuse or to ornament (Holman, 1997:195).

Figures of speech are also used in public speaking especially in persuasive speech. The goal of the speaker is to persuade the audience, and it is usually used for campaign speech, religion persuasion speech and a speech for promotion goods.

It is explained before that figures of speech are also used in writing, one of the literary works that use figures of speech is a book entitled You Can if You Think You Can written by Norman Vincent Peale. There are many sentences which are expressed the figures of speech found in the book.
Based on the background above, the book You Can if You Think You Can which is written by Norman Vincent Peale is going to be analyzed further on this research. The writer interests to analyze the expressions which are reflected the figures of speech.

Unveiling The Mystery Of Incest As The Mirror Of Soul Depression In “The God Of Small Things” And Its Relevance To The Modern Society (PBING-14)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Exultation can be reached through reading. This kind of activity is believed to be an effective way in avoiding listlessness. Many people love reading for looking for pleasure or just spending spare times. When reading foreign literature, the readers may also get supplementary knowledge about different culture. This activity can also stimulate people to learn English as well as to learn about themselves, people, lifestyle, and other societies.

Reading becomes my prominent activity for doing the analysis. As an English literature student I have read many literary works such as poetry, short story, novel, drama script, and so on. During my study, being deeply involved in literary works is considered to be one of the main tasks.

In a narrow sense, literature is defined as all things written; for example, text book, brochures, recipe, timetable, etc. In a broad sense, as stated in Encyclopedia Americana (1973:559), literature is ‘one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual, or intellectual concern of mankind’.

Hardjana (1985:10) in Kritik Sastra, Sebuah Pengantar states:

Sastra merupakan pengungkapan baku dari apa yang telah disaksikan orang dalam kehidupan, apa yang telah direnungkan, dan dirasakan orang mengenai segi-segi kehidupan yang paling menarik minat secara langsung lagi kuat pada hakikatnya adalah suatu pengungkapan kehidupan lewat bahasa.

Literature exists because it pleases us by imitating life or more precisely, by displaying the writer’s vision of life as it is or as the writers think it should be. Another function of literature is to expand or to refine our minds or quicken our sense of life (Koesnobroto, 1988).

As it is stated before, novel is one branch of literature. The theme about love, friendship, and life that are found in novels seems to be the outstanding points that attract the readers’ curiosity. The dictions used in novels are mostly denotative, containing little complexity and ambiguity. Therefore, novel is easier to read than poetry, play and other literary works. It is considered as a very crucial and enjoyable work to be analyzed

Talking about novel, I choose novel as the object of the study. In addition, I have read many novels during my study in English department. One of them is Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. I am interested in its theme very much since it offers such magic, mystery, sadness, and love in explicit terms. It mostly tells about autobiographical story of an upper-caste family in Kerala, a part of India. Furthermore, the pictorial details of Kerala’s beauty and romanticism are also flowing freely through our senses. This novel also offers the exoticism, mysticism, and historical phenomenon in this city. Concerning those reasons, I will analyze The God of Small Things further in this paper.

In this project, I will unveil the topic about incest as found in the novel. This topic attracts me to analyze it further. Different opinions about this sexual relationship towards someone who is closely related has created a controversy that has not ended yet today. Many people think incest as a taboo phenomenon to be
raised. Kalibonso (2003) as quoted by Abdi (2003:109) states that ‘incest is always considered as a private family problem which the victim position is under pressured’. However, others claim that incest is a crime that the doer should be punished. The controversy has made incest one of interesting topics in novel. The author wrote about incest, committed by the characters, in a unique way. This phenomenon appeared differently compared to other sex deviation cases that finally enrich the incest itself. This is the main reason why I took incest as the focus of the analysis.

Furthermore, the result of this analysis is very crucial for me to compose the final project. As undergraduate (S1) student, I have to propose a final project in the end of my study. This final project is considered to be one of the requirements for getting the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English.