The Effectiveness of Using Think Aloud Strategy Toward Students Reading Achievement in Narrative text Study at SMP
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the research, research problem, research objective, research hypothesis, significance of the research, scope and limitation of the research, and definition of key terms.
A. Background of the Research
Hordvanced (1995:662) said that language is the most important means of communication. It has many roles such as to communicate with the others, to make a relationship, to give information, to express our felling, etc. language is the key of communication, so by using language will help us to make easy our life.
Ideally, country has its own language, even it has more than one language, everyone wants to communicate with all peoples in the world. But, they may face some difficulties, one of them is different language. To solve the problem, it is necessary to make international language such as English, Mandarin, Arabic, and etc.
English is one of an interactional language which has an important role in the world. In some countries the power language is the official language which is used for government education commerce and international communication. In Indonesia English is a foreign language that is taught from elementary school to university. English is a foreign language used a medium?????????????
The Effectiveness of Using Mind Mapping Technique on Students Achievement of Reading Narrative Text in the Second Grade Students of MTs
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the research, formulation of research problem, the objectives of the research, research hypothesis, hypothesis testing, the significance of the research, scope and limitation of the research, and definition of key terms.
A.Background of the Research
Language is important in our daily communication. People communicate with other or express their feelings, by using language. In Oxford Learner’s pocket Dictionary (2004: 240), language issystem of sound, word etc used by humans to communicate thought and feelings. It means that language is very important for communication in our daily life. And language is one of the instrument of communication.Language is a means of communication. By using language, people can express ideas, thoughts, opinions and their minds. Language in the world is the most important means in life because it is impossible for people to communicate with other and carry on their daily activities without using language. Among those language, English is one of the international languages. As international language, English has many imporant roles.
Recently, English has been becoming number one topic that is being talked by scientist. It is because, almost every person in this earth needs to study English. Learning English is very important. English is essential for education advancement or career development and for interaction with people in other countries. Besides, English is also used to develop science, technology and culture. Based on the national education system, there are four skills which must be acquired by students in learning English, they are reading, listening, speaking and writing. Furthermore, English also has three components that are vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. Among the four basic skills, reading is one of the most important skills in learning language because the success of their learning depends on the greater part of their ability to read. Reading is construction of meaning from a printed or written message. The construction of meaning involves the reader connecting information from the written message with previous knowledge to arrive at meaning at an understanding. Besides, the issue on the importance of study within context, then support the importance of improving students’ reading skill. Harmer (2010: 102), also states that by reading, it can be used to be a good model in writing for??????????????????????
According to Webster’s Dictionary (1966 : 1503), a narrative is defined as a “discourse, or an example of it, designed to represent a connected succession of happenings”. Perhaps the most concise definition is that proposed by Smith (1981) Narratives are “verbal acts consisting of someone telling someone else that something happened” Polkinghorne (1988), while acknowledging that the term narrative generally can refer to any spoken or written presentation, confines his usage to the kind of organizational scheme that is expressed in story form. He uses the term to describe the process of creating a story, the internal logic of the story (its plot and theme), and also the product of the story, tale, or poem as a unit. Sarbin (1986 : 9) also stresses the organizational aspect of narrative. The narrative is a way of organizing episodes, actions, and accounts of actions; it is an achievement that brings together mundane facts and fantastic creations; time and place are incorporated. The narrative allows for the inclusion of actors’ reasons for their acts, as well as the causes of happening.
However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes or social opinions eg soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. The ability to tell a story, whether spoken or written, is a common and often complex form of communication (New, Anita. 2009 : 2), Narratives sequence people or characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved.
The primary purpose of narrative writing is to describe an experience, event, or sequence of events in the form of a story. Narrative writing tells a story. You have probably been telling stories as long as you have been communicating with other people. Without even thinking about it, you set the story up for your listener, describing the time, place, and your own involvement.
1.Characteristics of Narrative
Ely, susan (2010 : 2) divide a characteristics of narrative in four character as follow :
a.Use storyline in chronological order (time order)
b.The point is what the writer or character learned from what happened
c.Heavy on description, setting, plot and character
d.Easy to visualize
Mil2an. (2009) stated that the of narrative reading as follow :
a.generic structure of a narrative reading
1)Orientation, introduction of the story in which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usually answers who? when? where? and it is stated in the beginning of the story. as the example "Once upon a time, Mr Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark gloomy night".
2)Complication or problem, the complication usually involves the main character(s) (often mirroring the complications in real life).
3)Resolution, there needs to be a resolution of the complication. The complication may be resolved for better or worse/happily or unhappily. Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved. These add and sustain interest and suspense for the reader.
b.The language features of the narrative text
usually use simple past tense, use Connectives,linking words to do with time such as once upon a time, on the next day,etc and there are imagery such as metaphor for example "She has a heart of stone"
2.grammatical featuring of narrative materials
Harriet (8) specify the Key grammatical featuring of narrative materials are :
a.Use of particular nouns to refer to the central characters, objects and places.
b.Use of detailed noun groups to describe features or characteristic, incorporating a range of adjectivals to build descriptions.
c.Use of action verbs (usually of past tense) to indicate activities and behaviours; character often use saying and thinking verbs(ie. Direct or indirect speech/thought)
d.Use of adverbials and dependent clauses to express important details such as time, place, extend, menner etc.
e.Lexical cohesion achieved largely by synonyms, anthonyms, collocation
f.Use of affect, judgement and appreciation vocabulary to evaluate phenomena
g.Use of figurative language such as simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, atypical word combinations, ‘invented’words, etc.
h.Use of grading vocabulary to intensify descriptions
There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience.
