According to Nunan (1990:62), a classroom action research does not require the standard formalization of a research project with a literature search, hypothesis testing, treatment conditions, ect. Instead, it consists of seven basic steps to investigate a problem. They are as follows :
a.After determining that there is a potential problem, survey what is happening
b.Code the observation based on the problem and what was seen.
c.Based on the coded information, determine one change that could impact the problem in a positive manner.
d.Implement the change in the course /classroom.
e.Observe the class/course (as in step 1) while implementing the change.
f. Code the new observation(s) as in step 2.
g.Finally, compare the coded sessions to determine the results of the change.
There are some definition of action research which stated by some experts, as follows ;
a.Lewin (1946:10) described action research as “ a comparative research on the condition and effects of various form of social action” that uses “ a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact- finding about the result of the action.
b.Jung (1990:144). Action research something called “practitioner research,” is a reflective investigation of a personal interest, problem or challenge.
c.Kemmis and McTaggart (1998:310). Action research is a form of collaborative self- reflective inquiry undertaken by teachers to improve their own practices, their understanding of those practice , and the situation in which those practices are called out.
d.Tabachnic and Zeichner (1999:310 ). Action research is a systematic examination and collaborative analysis of the consequences of some classroom action.
e.Bennett (1968:322). Action research as “doing something in an attempt to find answers for specific questions in students’ minds” which alludes to the use of a proper set of technique and procedures that are applicable to the individual students based upon practices used daily in science.
"Jack the Ripper" is the best-known name given to an unidentified serial killer who was active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. The name originated in a letter, written by someone claiming to be the murderer, that was disseminated in the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax, and may have been written by a journalist in a deliberate attempt to heighten interest in the story. Other nicknames used for the killer at the time were "The Whitechapel Murderer" and "Leather Apron".
Attacks ascribed to the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes from the slums whose throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to proposals that their killer possessed anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and letters from a writer or writers purporting to be the murderer were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard. The "From Hell" letter, received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, included half of a preserved human kidney, supposedly from one of the victims. Mainly because of the extraordinarily brutal character of the murders, and because of media treatment of the events, the public came increasingly to believe in a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper".
Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper. An investigation into a series of brutal killings in Whitechapel up to 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888, but the legend of Jack the Ripper solidified. As the murders were never solved, the legends surrounding them became a combination of genuine historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory. The term "ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper cases. There are now over one hundred theories about the Ripper's identity, and the murders have inspired multiple works of fiction.
LIST OF CONTENT HALAMAN JUDUL ……………………………………………………………………… i PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ………………………………………………………… ii LIST OF CONTENT ………………………………………………………………………. iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….... 1 A. Background…………………………………………………………….... 1 B. Problem Statement………………………………………………………. 2 C. Objective of the Study……………………………………………………3 D. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………3 E. Scope of the Study……………………………………………………….3 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………4 A. The Extended Writing Project Assessment……………………………….4 1. Previous Related Findings ……………………………………………4 2. Introduction to EWP Assessment…………………………………......6 3. The Extended Writing Project………………………………………...7 4. Running the Extended Writing Project ………………………………8 B. The Concept of Writing ………………………………………………….10 1. Definition of Writing ………………………………………………...10 2. The Importance of Writing …………………………………………..11 3. The Characteristic of Good Writing………………………………….12 4. Types of Writing …………………………………………………….13 5. Process of Writing …………………………………………………...15 6. Components of Good Writing ……………………………………….17 C. Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………..23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ……………………………………………………..25 A. Research Design…………………………………………………………..25 B. The Variables and Indicators……………………………………………..27 C. Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………...27 D. Time and Subject of the Research ……………………………………….27 E. Research Instrument……………………………………………………...28 F. Data Collection …………………………………………………………..28 G. Data Analysis …………………………………………………………….30 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………..33 APPENDIXES ……………………………………………………………………………….35
The only thing I ever got off my old man was a birthday card when I was ten. He'd gone off when I was three and left me and mam and my sister to fend for ourselves. Mam never talks about him but my sister remembers him.
‘What was dad like?' I ask.
She looks at me through dark, sleepy eyes, pushes her hair back from her eyes. Her arms are scabbed like she's been shinning up a rusty drainpipe and accidentally slid back down and scraped herself. ‘Whu?
‘I said, what was dad like?'
She smiles at me, and I suss that she's still trippin' and I should ask her later when she's straight.
Anyhow, the only thing I ever got from him was a birthday card when I was ten. It said Happy Birthday Mickey! And then there was a verse inside the card that went:
Now you're ten, and how you've grown It really won't be long ‘Til you're a man, and fully grown With arms both big and strong.
And on the front of the card was a picture, a cartoon, of a little boy wearing a hardhat and driving a tractor. But I mean, how would he know I'd grown? To be honest, I was surprised he knew where I was, we moved so often.
But the killer was, at the bottom of the card, below the rhyme, he'd added:
Remember, no one's got your back XX. Dad.
I'd studied this card on more than one occasion, trying to work out some depth to what he was telling me. ‘Laura, what was dad like?'
Three hours later and she's washing up. The dutiful daughter. She looked up a little, thought about my question for a second or two. Then she said, ‘I love him. Still.'
‘Well I hate him. What was he like, though?'
And she said, ‘Stern.'
‘Stern, huh?'
‘I don't mean strict; more like serious. Like you, a bit, but smarter, taller and better looking.' Then she laughed and slapped me across the arm, ‘Dry the dishes,' she said. It's funny, I learn a lot from my sister, mainly don't do drugs, which I should have written in capital letters instead of italics, but never mind, the thing is, when she's not high or shaking ‘cos she needs some stuff, she's really smart and, truth be told, she's the core of our family, the strength, believe it or not. Honest, she keeps us together. There's me, fifteen, bright, got a future, they tell me, though I haven't and I'll tell you about that later, and then there's my mam, as honest as, and working, and sensible (though not in her choice of boyfriends or anything) and all that stuff. And then there's Laura. Nineteen, and a junkie, but she holds the family together. Cos mam's a flake and useless, and I, basically, am at a loose end; financially, educationally, socially, morally… I won't go on.
Laura has one thing going for her; she's honest. And because she is honest she sees more than most, so she knows more than most, and she holds me and mam together.
Mam.
Hold on, I was told by my English teacher, Miss Wright, that I should show, not tell; ‘too much exposition,' she'll say to me (look it up). So maybe I should stop describing my life, start showing what happens instead, but I'll get to that bit in a bit, so to speak.
Ok, so mam. My mother. She is thirty seven years old and she is a flake. A total dribble. Weak as. They should do a reality TV show on my mam – "How Not To …"
"How Not To bring up your children."
"How Not To save for the future."
"How Not To get a good job."
"How Not To attract a nice boyfriend."
She did once. Attract a nice boyfriend, that is. And I've read all the women's magazines she buys and I knew from the off it wasn't going to last. From the moment she said to me, ‘He's kind, thoughtful, good looking. He's got a good job, Pete, and a lovely car' (a bloody good car, since you ask. You didn't? But you would have. A Kompressor. Which means Supercharger. Which also means money. Cool. German. Cool. And much more). But anyway, as she's telling me all this I'm thinking, Yeah, but mam, you're going to fall for a skinheaded nightclub doorman or a carpet salesman called Wayne and you're going to jack Pete in and tell me ‘there was no spark' which translates as, you think that love equals pain, and affection means distress and you think that being nice is the equivalent of being invisible. Which it kind of is. So just be honest. Please. So, as predicted, Pete went the journey. Kompressor and all. And in moved Marc. Fifteen years younger than mam. What a tosspot.
What a racket.
It was embarrassing. It was the crime that no parent should inflict upon their children! Making those noises. I was twelve, which made Laura sixteen; she'd just failed her exams and was working in Safeway. Very content. Regular money, dreaming about her own flat. Boyfriend. And the last thing that Laura wanted was mam and Marc doing that upstairs halfway through a Sunday afternoon. Go on mam; be a mam, not a flake. Don't be desperate, please. But no. And when Marc made a play for Laura one afternoon, just a suggestion you understand, she screamed the place down and mam came dashing downstairs half-dressed and slapped Laura to shut her up and then slapped her again when she heard what she was accusing Marc of doing.
I'm not tough, really, I'm not. And I'm not pretending to be not tough so you'll think that really I secretly am tough either. I'm just not. So when mam took his side against Laura I couldn't drop Marc with a right hook to the jaw or a knee in the family jewels, though I really, really wanted to, so I just went and sat on the front step and listened to them row.
It was one of those afternoons with dark and light grey clouds flying across the sky on the wind (scudding, as they say in really old novels). I sat on the step of our front door watching the seagulls wheel and fly and sail on the wind. I wished I could do that.
I have this theory that, to us the world is a flat thing we stand on, but to birds it is a cliff they cling to, a huge ball and they cling to the side and then fall off and fly and glide. I'm digressing here, but I can't remember what else happened, except I know how it ended. The next morning I waited until Marc went out and then I used mam's phone to call the police and grass Marc for the twenty grams of cocaine he had stashed in a haversack under the stairs.
Bingo.
Job done.
Like I say, I'm not tough. But I don't need to be when there's five polis and a German Shepherd dog breaking down the door and dragging Marc screaming down the path and into a van.
Anyhow, this card I got from my dad. It said, remember, no one's got your back, like this was some piece of information I'd known but had forgotten, or like I already had asked someone to get my back and then discovered they hadn't got it, or something. I mean, come on dad, I don't know who you are, or where you are or what you do or anything, but come on, be a dad for a minute. For as long as it takes not to write that sentence.
I was ten years old for Chrissake.
Write I miss you or We'll meet up when you're older or Stick in at school. In fact, here's an idea. Don't send me a card.
Go on.
Unsend it.
But the funny thing is, daft, one-off card with a stupid picture and a deranged verse it might have been.
